3D concrete tiles are tiles cast from concrete, featuring raised three-dimensional shapes that create a strong visual impression. They are commonly made from glass fiber reinforced concrete (GRC), which enhances strength and reduces weight. These tiles offer water and heat resistance and are less affected by weather conditions. They suit various design styles from modern to classical, and can be used for paving paths, decorating walls, rooms, and staircases, offering both safety and visual appeal.
Geometric 3D Concrete Tiles: These come in a wide variety of patterns and unique designs, from triangles and hexagons to abstract forms. They are often used to decorate walls and create eye-catching focal points in living spaces.
Organic / Nature-Inspired Tiles: These tiles mimic natural forms such as waves, stone veins, seashells, leaves, tree bark, or petals—creating a soft, close-to-nature, artistic effect.
Interior 3D Tiles: Used for wall cladding, made from concrete or geopolymer, featuring 3D patterns that add visual depth and dynamic light-shadow interplay. They enhance the aesthetic and spatial quality of interiors.
Exterior 3D Tiles: Designed for outdoor durability, made from high-strength concrete or geopolymer. These tiles offer enhanced resistance to UV rays, moisture, and cracking—ideal for facades, fences, gardens, and public spaces.
Standard Concrete Tiles: Made from conventional concrete (cement, sand, fine aggregates, water, and additives), with 3D patterned surfaces. This is the most affordable and widely used type, suitable for large-scale production and simple applications.
GRC Tiles (Glassfiber Reinforced Concrete): Produced with composite material made of cement, fine sand, water, additives, and alkali-resistant glass fibers. These tiles are lightweight, durable, and suitable for detailed forms—ideal for interiors, facades, sunshades, and columns.
UHPC Tiles (Ultra-High Performance Concrete): Made from UHPC, a new-generation material with superior strength, formability, and longevity. These premium tiles are ultra-thin, high-strength, weather-resistant, and perfect for modern architecture, high-rise facades, and signature projects.
Material Preparation
Dry Mixing: All dry materials are added to a Hobart mixer and mixed at low speed for 3 minutes.
First Water Addition: 85% of total water is added and mixed at medium speed for 10 minutes.
Final Water Addition: The remaining 15% water is added and mixed for 5 more minutes to fully dissolve the solid activator.
Note: Extended mixing time ensures complete dissolution of Na₂SiO₃ and even distribution of the geopolymer activator.
3D Printing of Geopolymer Concrete Mixture
Printer Type: 3-axis gantry system (print dimensions: 1800 × 1600 × 1800 mm)
Extruder: Spiral-type nozzle, 30 mm outlet diameter
Printing Speed: 10 mm/s
Layer Dimensions: 30 mm wide × 20 mm high × 300 mm long
Surface Protection: Plastic wrap is applied immediately after printing to prevent water loss
Thermal Curing
After 24 hours of printing, samples are cured at 60°C for 24 hours.
Samples are then stored in a sealed room at ambient temperature until testing.
Purpose: Accelerates geopolymerization, especially important for brick waste with low amorphous content.
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[2] C. T. T., M. T. V., K. T. H. Minh, "Gạch 3D bê tông nghệ thuật", Bê Tông Hoàng Minh. [Online]. Available: https://betonghoangminh.vn/danh-muc-san-pham/gach-3d-be-tong-nghe-thuat. [Accessed: 30-Jun-2025].
[3] S. R. J. S. K. Pasupathy, "3D concrete printing of eco-friendly geopolymer containing brick waste," Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 138, 104943, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946523000173. [Accessed: 30-Jun-2025].
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